EIX 2001 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

 

“The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the academic performance of university students”

Executive Summary

Although many studies have done to know the impacts of COVID-19 on economic growth, it is unclear whether COVID-19 would have significant impacts on academic performance of university students. As education sector has been affected by the virus, all the education activities involving all level of studies have to be conducted online, yet it would give some bad impacts on university students' academic achievement. The objective of the research proposal is to describe the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the university students' academic achievement, to evaluate the relationship between the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic such as financial status, health condition, and basic needs on university students' academic achievement during COVID-19 pandemic, to identify the most significant impact that affecting the educational achievement of college students due to the pandemic, as well as to determine the obstacles educators and students encountered during the COVID-19 epidemic. The research proposal was done using the quantitative method, which is based on a structured questionnaire in data collection. This research proposal’s goal is to learn more about how COVID-19 affects university students' academic achievement. It is hoped that this research proposal provide insightful information to the future researchers as this study will help them uncover critical areas that other researchers do not explore it yet. The government should construct a curriculum that is oriented on the needs of the individual learner and is adapted for online instruction while considering the course material, learners' preferences, and alternative evaluation techniques as well as ensuring all students are not left behind by providing devices and good internet access in all areas.

 

1.0  Introduction

The world has been rocked by a novel coronavirus outbreak or also known as COVID-19 that caused all sector becomes paralyzed (The Prime Minister’s Special Message On COVID-19, 2020). The COVID-19 pandemic poses the greatest threat to human health as well as to the socio-economic system, which includes the field of education, in practically every nation in the globe (Lekhraj Rampal & Seng, 2020). Noriha Basir et al. (2020), contended that this epidemic will threaten a wider area such as a state, a country, continents or perhaps even the whole world if left destitute. Salim.et.al, (2020) stated, in 2020, only 22 cases of the COVID-19 outbreak were imported into Malaysia in January, marking the beginning of a minor wave. However, on March 15, 2020, there was a sharp increase in total cases where a total of 190 cases were recorded and 125 additional cases as of 16 March 2020. Therefore, on the same day, according to the Malaysian Prime Minister, the administration has consented to implement the Movement Control Order (MCO) nationally starting from the eighteenth of March. During that time, all educational institutions has been ordered to close. The closures aimed to curb the spread diseases caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (Special Message from the Prime Minister of Malaysia, 2020). In the history of the globe, and specifically Malaysia, MCO has never occurred. All nations have moved quickly to prevent the spread of the virus. The primary messages include social distancing, staying at home, and hygiene care. According to Qian and Jiang (2020), the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended social distancing as it is essential for curbing the evolution of this disease, since it is not predicted to disappear within a short time, in fact will most likely continue.

 

Although sitting at home is an easy message but it makes an impact great in the life as well as daily practice of each of us. According to Sandeep Krishnamurthy (2020), this emergence of a new norm necessitates action outside of habit. For instance, usually students will go to school or university to receive formal education. However, during the MCO period, physical classes is no longer permitted in schools or universities. Thus, due to the inability to execute physical learning activities, home-based learning, also known as HBL, must instead be carried out through a virtual education strategy by involving a range of technology platforms.

Through the implementation of online learning and teaching, students as well as educators do not need to meet in person, merely in virtual spaces. Evaluation and monitoring by regular lecturers implemented like a normal learning process. However, it was discovered that lecturers and students confront a number of difficulties when implementing online classes. Among the challenges for students is access to internet facilities, outdated gadgets, namely laptop or mobile phone availability, an unfavourable condition for learning, poor learning outcomes, and inappropriate use of the internet. Regarding the lecturers, there are difficulties with regard to the educators' proficiency with e-learning methods, unavailability of internet material, an unfavourable learning environment, and the performance of both delivery and teaching. The adoption of online education and teaching is applied comprehensively in the academic management system at universities in Malaysia started from August 2020. The main goal is to ensure that the learning and teaching process continues although face -to -face learning and teaching activities are not permitted.

 

Pragholapati (2020), contended that the implementation of online learning and teaching can help minimize social interactions which in turn can lower the risk of COVID-19 infection occurring among students and instructors.  Nonetheless, the implementation of this online learning has some drawbacks. Some students felt the COVID-19 pandemic has become a turbulent time for them. Due to the several personal constrains that they faced throughout the online learning phase, their academic performance was also declined. Accordingly, this research proposal is carried out to describe the impacts of the pandemic on the educational achievement of college students, to evaluate the relationship between the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic such as financial status, health condition, and basic needs on educational achievement of college students during the pandemic, to identify the most significant impact that affecting the educational achievement of college students due to COVID-19 infectious virus, and to determine the challenges faced by instructors and students during COVID-19 pandemic.

 

2.0  Problem Statement

In December 2019, the novel virus form Wuhan province, China has been spread over the world rapidly. The virus affected many important sectors, including education sector. As a result, the majority of educational systems are required by the ongoing COVID-19 crisis to adopt non-face-to-face teaching and learning methods. In order to continue teaching even while schools are closed, several educational systems choose to conduct activities virtually.

 

E-learning has been implemented to its fullest extent in order to guarantee that the teaching and learning process in education sector can still be continue. Online learning and teaching have taken the place of the movement and communication restrictions that make face-to-face learning and teaching impossible. Online learning approaches, which were previously only used as a supplementary to face -to -face teaching, are now become compulsory. Due to the implementation of online learning and teaching, face-to-face interactions between students and lecturers are no longer necessary. As a typical learning process, assessment and supervision by lecturers are still conducted. However, it is shown that both instructors and students have some difficulties through the implementation.

 

Sze et al. (2022), stated that among the challenges faced by lectures or educators in implementing online learning through the virtual learning approach during pandemic periods is the difficulty of establishing two-way communication with students and lack learning support from parents. Educators also face challenges in terms of lack of knowledge and skills in implementing online learning and unskilled in the use of social media, email and online educational platforms. In addition, educators face challenges in terms of device convenience and do not have stable internet access. All these factors make them face some difficulties in delivering lessons to the students. The objective of online learning and teaching could not be reached. While difficulties to access the internet sources, lack of computer and mobile phone facilities, unconducive learning environment, and internet misuse are some of the difficulties faced by students. These factors lead to the negative impacts on their academic performance.

 

3.0  Research Objectives

The research proposal is carried out:

1.      To describe the impacts of coronavirus disease 2019 on the educational achievement of college students.

2.      To evaluate the relationship between the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic such as financial status, health condition, and basic needs on academic performance of university students during COVID-19 pandemic.

3.      To identify the most significant impact that affecting the academic performance of university students due to COVID-19 pandemic.

4.      To determine the challenges faced by instructors and students during COVID-19 pandemic.

 

4.0  Research Questions

1.      Do the COVID-19 pandemic affect the educational achievement of university students?

2.      To what extent the Covid-19 pandemic affects the academic performance of university students?

3.      How does the financial status affect the academic performance of university students during COVID-19 pandemic?

4.      How does health condition impact academic performance of university students during COVID-19 pandemic?

5.      How does basic needs impact the academic performance of university students during COVID-19 pandemic?

6.      What is the relationship between the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and academic performance of university students?

 

5.0  Research Hypothesis

Based on the literature review conducted, the following hypotheses are proposed:

 

H1 : The impact of COVID-19 pandemic is related to Academic Performance of university students during COVID-19 pandemic.

 

Specifically:

 

HO1: There is no significant relationship between financial status and academic performance of university students.

HO2: There is no significant relationship between health condition and academic performance of university students.

HO3: There is no significant relationship between basic needs and academic performance of university students.

 

6.0  Theoretical Framework

A theoretical framework has been established to represent the link between the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and academic performance of university students in light of the literature review that was done. This research proposal focuses on the impacts that influencing academic performance of university students, including financial status, health condition, and basic needs, as well as its relationship on the learning performance of university students during COVID-19 pandemic. Academic performance is chosen as the dependent variable in this study. The theoretical framework for this research proposal presented in Figure 1.

 

 

Figure 1: Theoretical framework for the relationship between the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and academic performance of university students.

 

7.0  Literature Review

·         Financial Status

 

The COVID-19 pandemic is a health crisis that threatens the community's existence and all-around wellbeing and has afflicted the entire world, including Malaysia. The International Labour Organization (ILO) anticipates that the COVID-19 issue will lead to greater unemployment rates generally and in the services sector in particular. As reported by Rohaniza Idris & Muhammad (2020), in 2020, between January and November 27, 99,696 employees were put off, based on the statement of Employees Insurance System (SIP).

           

This unemployment issue may affect a number of parents who have a large number of dependents, especially if they have children who are pursuing in higher education.  As the learning and teaching process is conducted online, educational facilitation tools such as internet access and gadgets have become necessities in a situation where the country is still dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic threat. However, the price of communication gadgets such as smartphones and tabs are quite expensive especially to the less fortunate, or parents who have been affected financially by the pandemic.

 

Hence, there were university students who had to work to cover the cost of education and living as well as to ease the burden of their parents who were laid off following the COVID-19 pandemic. According to Furr and Elling (2000), although there are some students who volunteer to get involved in the world of work temporarily because of financial difficulties, tuition fees are frequently the cause of their employment. As stated by Di Paolo and Matano (2016), studying while working became more prevalent when students entered the degree programme, which had a negative effect on their overall performance and average grade. In a study published in 2014, Jewell used survey data from the University of Reading in the United Kingdom to suggest that working students are more likely to consider economic factors and not merely social factors. Also, he identified the drawbacks of college students working because they work beyond the reasonable time in his paper.

 

According to research done by Azlan Shaiful Baharum et al. (2021), some students claimed that they easily felt exhausted if they were unable to split their time between employment and study in an efficient manner. It also makes a significant impact to their academic achievement. The students also agreed that time management needs to be effectively organised. When that is accomplished successfully, a student who works while learning might not go through emotional strain. Exercise and good nutrition practises are also highly beneficial to increase students' focus as mentioned by Faizuddin (2017). When students work while studying, their emotions are easily disturbed due to fatigue and lack of sleep. In addition, their quality of life is also affected because it is challenging to balance job and online studies, particularly with the current challenges during the Movement Control Order (MCO) implemented by the government.  Hence, all these factors made the students loss their focus in their online class, resulting them to have negative impact on their academic achievement.

 

·         Health Condition

 

As stated by Suliati Asri (2022), given the struggles that come with transitioning into adulthood and the constant financial and material struggles that this population faces, students may be a group that is particularly susceptible to mental health issues. Even before the Covid-19 pandemic emerged, university students were known to have high levels of complexity, anxiety and depressive symptoms.

 

A study on emotional management was conducted in The National University of Malaysia by Abdul Rahman and Rosli (2021), involving a total of 304 undergraduates of the Faculty of Islamic Studies, while undergoing current virtual learning throughout the coronavirus epidemic period showed that poor emotional management may be caused by limited physical movement and the students feel pressure on the subjects. Routine learning by attending lectures and tutorials that cannot be held face to face makes the students become anxious in efforts to adapt to these new norms. This anxiety causes them to feel less interest to pursue studies and completing the assignments given by lecturers. Without a proper revision and good emotional management, it is hard for them to score a better grade in their lessons. Thus, anxiety may impact their academic performance in negative ways.

 

In 2020, Holmes et al. found that someone’s mental health was greatly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, such as stress, trauma, anxiety and depression. As stated by Abdul Aziz and Aida Zuraina (2020), mental health also influences the way an individual makes decisions in life, solves problems as well as interacts with others. If someone has a positive level of mental health, they are able to cope and deal with stress well. Accordingly, the state of one's mind is crucial in influencing achievement, interaction, motivation and low mental health can disrupt students ’attention during learning (Shamzaeffa & Kevin, 2016). In the meantime, Norazila et al. (2018) stated that failure to manage and adapt in different environments can cause stress, anxiety and depression in students. The results of this research are consistent with study conducted by Norhazirah in 2020 on IPT students in Malaysia during the COVID-19 pandemic, the pandemic has had a negative impact on mental health and psychological aspects of students in terms of emotions, feelings, thoughts, stress and anxiety. In addition, low mental health also impacts the level of student motivation during online learning. Thus, mental health is important to pay attention to because it influences a student’s motivation, behaviour and interaction patterns during online learning throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Without a good mental health, the academic performance of university students will be jeopardised. 

 

·           Basic Needs

 

The new norms have encouraged the use of technology in the nation's educational system. Online learning approaches are currently used in teaching process for that reason. This method will prevent the infection from spreading further. Universities in Malaysia also use this method when allowing all students to take classes online while at home. Educational institutions have implemented online teaching-learning by using technology to improve communication between students and lecturers. Thus, the objectives of learning and teaching can be achieved if there is knowledge sharing and strengthening in the learning community (Basak et al. 2016). Online learning and teaching are fundamental to the development of information and communication technology (Fauzan & Fatkhul Arifin, 2019). Rossafri and Shabariah (2011) stated that online learning requires the use of the web and internet networks.

 

However, majority of students feel stressed by having to pay for internet data in order to participate in virtual classroom, take online tests, and complete their homework. As many as 52 per cent of students in Sabah do not have internet access and smartphones, computers or other mobile devices to ensure online teaching-learning sessions run smoothly throughout the Movement Control Order (MCO), which entered its fourth phase since it came into effect on March 18, as reported by BH Online (2020).

 

To empower students to participate in online classes, it needs a faster internet connection, and less latency. However, it is expensive to purchase for certain people. From a reseach conducted at a local university, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), since they must spend a lot of money to properly participate in online lectures, it was discovered that 70% of students experience money issues (Hasnah Husiin,nd.). Without the stable internet network, it is impossible for them to understand what they have learned in their class as well as to achieve a better grade. Hence, it is clear that internet network has an impact on the academic performance of university students.

 

Hasnah Husiin also added that there are also some students experience difficulties acquiring access to engineering-related software like Solidwork, AutoCAD, and many more. This is due to the fact that the software is only freely accessible on campus. Many students find it challenging to use the programme from home due to MCO, which hinders their attempts to their finish coursework. Hence, without the software, the objective of online learning process would not be reached. The students will face difficulties in completing their assignments and to apply what have been taught in practice because they do not have any access to the software. Without a better understanding of the lessons, they might not be able to answer the online tests correctly, which means their academic performance would drop.

 

Next, students also faced some troubles in having access to smart digital devices to attend classes online. According to Anuar (2020), online teaching-learning process has two main constraints, which is no internet access, and not being capable of providing technology like laptops as well as tablets by their parents. This shows that the ease of access to online learning is much needed by students so that they do not fall far behind academically. A study by UNESCO (2020) showed as many as 9 out of 10 students using mobile phones as tools for teaching and learning online while 8 out of 10 students do not have personal access to computer. Most students use cell phones that are shared with parents as well as other siblings. Sharing digital device tools for learning purpose causing them to unable to attend classes online because of their parent works or is used by other siblings. This situation was not only faced by the children in primary or secondary school, but it may also happen to university students as some of them have to share the gadgets with their siblings who do not own any gadgets to attend online classes.

 

Siti Masayu & Narimah (2018) have stated that background influence the back of a family is able to make an impact in academic performance and the formation of their discipline. Unconducive environment at homes also among the contributors to students' academic achievement by participating online teaching and learning session (Noor Syaheerah & Tajul, 2021). In fact, there are working parents who had to put down the responsibility of caring for a sister and doing other housework to students including buying grocery items, tidying the house and others. This situation causing students to be unable to join classes online and giving that focus well when participating an online class (Saifudin & Hamzah, 2021). Lack of space to study at home, noisy atmosphere, cramped space causing students to be unable to focus on online teaching and learning which could jeopardise their academic performance.

 

8.0  Research Design & Methods

 

·         Experimental Design:

The design of this experiment is an initial planning that can help the researcher in conducting the study. In addition, experimental design is also a method that can be used to collect and analyse the data obtained to reach the purpose of the research proposal. The design of this study is a questionnaire design in which the researcher can collect a detailed description of a phenomenon that occurs through the questionnaire design method. Since it is quick and simple to gather data and demographic information about respondents, such as gender, age, year of study, and level of education, the research method applied is a descriptive method. In conducting this research, the researcher distributed questionnaires to random students at the universities randomly.

 

·         Population/Sample Size/ Sampling Techniques:

The study focused on the population of university students in Malaysia. The researcher used a simple random sampling method. According to Van Dallen (1990), many individuals presupposing meaning of the terms "random" and "probability". However, stature is not a randomly determined factor; rather, it is a well-planned process. Because the research population is not homogenous in terms of gender, age, year of study, level of study, and other factors, random sampling is a simple method to apply.

The sample size determined by statistical command for model testing. N = 163 was determined to be the minimal sample size needed to identify the influence of medium size in a three-factor model, estimated with an error probability of 0.05 and power of 95% (Faul et al., 2009), which was used in the preparation of the study. The sample size (N = 163) is therefore suitable for the suggested model.

 

·         Instrumentation for data collection:

To achieve the given goals and conduct the studies, data collection is required. Thus , the researchers applied an interview and questionnaire as the research tool to get this data. To assure that the information is reliable for reaching the purpose of the research study, the data obtained will be quantitatively analysed and evaluated.

Based on this study, a questionnaire instrument was used to obtain the desired information. According to Chua Yan Piaw (2014), the questionnaire instrument is very suitable for survey research because this method is able to produce reliable and consistent items if prepared well. In this study, a questionnaire was used. The questionnaire was modified from the Customer Satisfaction Survey Questionnaire Form by Malaysian Education Ministry (2021).

The component in the questionnaire is divided into three sections. Section A consists of the background of the respondents such as gender, age, year of study, level of study, and courses taken. In Section B, the respondents will be asked if the COVID-19 pandemic has an impact on their academic performance. The questionnaire used two scales, which is “Yes” and “No”. According to Chua Yan Piaw (2014), the ‘Yes’ and ‘No’ scales require a firm answer to a given choice. The answer ‘Yes’ is given a score of 1, while the answer ‘No’ is given a score of 0. Descriptive statistics are used to describe or summarize the information or data obtained, while inferential statistics were applied to describe the relationships between the variables.

Next, inferential statistical methods were used in order to analyse the data in section C. In Section C, the researcher wants to analyse to what extent the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the academic performance of university students. For information, a 7-point likert scale was used to collect respondent's answers to the study, from “Strongly Disagree” to “Strongly Agree”. This is to provide a high-level of analysis of the data.

           

·         Data analysis technique:

The researcher analysed the data using SPSS version 20.0, Statistical Package for Social Science after the data had been gathered. The Likert scale was utilised to analyse the closed-ended questions. In this study, descriptive and inferential statistics were used to evaluate the questionnaire at a level of significance where (p<0.05).

 

9.0  Impact and Significance

This study is conducted to gain a better understanding of the impacts of COVID-19 on academic performance among university students. This study, therefore, has both theoretical and practical insight into the results. It will provide a clearer picture of the utilization of gadget on the learning achievements for the university students. Academic performance of students is an important issue as it will lead in increasing the employment, resulting economic growth in the country. Hence, it is hoped that the Ministry of Higher Education and other related authorities to find a better solution regarding these issues. Besides, it will also contribute to the existing study on the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic whereby it can jeopardise academic performance of the university students as well as to help future researchers provide new insightful findings to the issues stated. Also, it is hoped that this study provide insightful information to the future researchers as this study will help them uncover critical areas that other researchers do not explore it yet. This study can recognize the possible recommendations from the analysis which has been done through the sample. The findings of this study are expected to be used as a guide to university administrations, educators and the Ministry of Education Malaysia (MOE) to plan session online learning using educational technology in tandem with current circulation and easily accessible to students. Lastly, a more in -depth follow-up study is expected to be conducted with using different research methods, additional variables and respondents from other areas to have better conclusions.

 

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